副词的使用规则
一 副词的构成
副词是修饰动词、形容词和其他副词或者句子的词语，用来说明时间、地点、程度、方式等。
从形态上看，大多数副词都是由“形容词+后缀-ly”构成的，如：slowly, heavily, truly, terribly等。
形容词变副词：
（1）在形容词词尾直接加ly。如：helpful—helpfully; careful—carefully; slow—slowly; quick—quickly。
（2）以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词要变y为i，然后再加ly。如：busy—busily;angry—angrily; easy—easily。
（3）某些以辅音字母加不发音的字母e结尾和以ue结尾的形容词要先去掉e，然后再加y或ly。如：terrible—terribly; true—truly; gentle—gently。
（4）与形容词同形的副词，如：daily, early, fast, hard, high, long, near, straight, well等。如：A fast car一辆快速的车（形容词）; to drive fast开快车（副词）。
二 副词的分类
（1）时间和频度副词：
now, then, often, always, usually, early, today, lately, next, last, already, generally, frequently, seldom, ever, never, yet, soon, too, immediately, hardly, finally, shortly, before, ago, sometimes, yesterday。
（2）地点副词：
here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round, around, near, off, past, up, away, on。
（3）方式副词：
carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly。
（4）程度副词，放在被修饰词之前：
much, little, very, rather, so, too, still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely, almost, slightly。
（5）疑问副词，一般放在句首：
how, when, where, why。
三 副词的基本用法
副词在句子中主要用作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或句子。
1．修饰动词，表示时间、地点、程度、方式、频度等。一般位于动词之后，如果动词有宾语，则要位于宾语之后。
《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 4 Passage 2
Catches have not always been so healthy.
捕到的鱼并不总是那么健康。
《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 3 Passage 1
They have never mastered fire nor progressed.
他们从未精通过火，也从未进步过。
《剑桥雅思真题7》Test A Section 1
Always set short cooking times and check the food frequently.
总是设定短的烹饪时间，经常检查食物。
2．修饰形容词、副词、介词短语，一般前置，只有enough例外，需要后置。
《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 4 Passage 3
The noise was quite disruptive at first.
起初，噪音很吵。
《剑桥雅思真题8》Test 4 Section 3
It took long enough, though.
不过，这花了足够长的时间。
《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 2 Section 4
At present they are rather reluctant to make use of the insights scientists like Matthews can give.
目前，他们相当不愿意利用像马修斯这样的科学家所能提供的见解。
3．用作表语，多为与介词同形的副词和表示方位的副词。
《剑桥雅思真题3》Test 4 Passage 3
Again, when the supervisor was away, they kept on working.
当监工不在的时候，他们又继续工作。
《剑桥雅思真题8》Test 3 Passage 1
However, there is still a big stumbling block.
然而，还有一个很大的障碍。
四 副词的位置
1．副词修饰动词时，通常可以放在句首、句中或句末。
《剑桥雅思真题9》Test 2 Section 4
Usually top management delegates the projects.
通常，高层管理人员会委派项目。
《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 1 Passage 3
They are often not motivated to learn through this method.
他们往往没有动力通过这种方法学习。
《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 1 Passage 3
The teacher reads the text slowly and solemnly.
老师缓慢而严肃地朗读课文。
2．副词修饰形容词或副词时，通常放在形容词或副词的前面，但也有例外。
《剑桥雅思真题8》Test B Section 3
It is quite beneficial speaking another language in my job.
在我的工作中说另一种语言是很有益的。
五 重点副词的使用
1．as…as…常构成一些词组：
as soon as…（一旦……就……）, as well as…（同样）, as +形容词/副词+as possible（尽可能……地）。
《剑桥雅思真题8》Test B Section 1
As soon as you have called, your responsibility for any bills run up by the thief ends.
一旦你打电话，你对小偷的任何账单的责任就会结束。
《剑桥雅思真题6》Test 1 Passage 3
Nobody knows the Arctic as well as the locals.
没有人知道北极和当地人。
《剑桥雅思真题6》Test A Section 1
Please phone in and let us know as soon as possible so that it can be used for someone else.
请尽快打电话告诉我们，以便其他人可以使用。
2．later, after, ago, before的用法：
（1）“一段时间+later/ago”分别表示“（多久）以后/以前”，主要用于过去时态。
《剑桥雅思真题13》Test 3 Passage 3
The Harappan Civilisation of ancient Pakistan and India flourished 5,000 years ago, but a thousand years later their cities were abandoned.
古巴基斯坦和印度的哈拉潘文明在5000年前蓬勃发展，但一千年后，他们的城市被废弃了。
（2）“after/before+某个时刻”分别表示“在某时刻之后/之前”，此时两个词是介词。
《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 1 Passage 1
After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of time before weapons designers adapted it for the detection of submarines.
在发明这种技术之后，武器设计者将其用于探测潜艇只是时间问题。
3．above, below, over, under的用法：
在上下方用above和below，在高低处用over和under。
《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 2 Passage 1
The pagoda seemed to be doing a snake dance—with each consecutive floor moving in the opposite direction to its neighbours above and below.
宝塔好像在跳蛇舞——每一层楼都朝上下相邻的方向移动。
《剑桥雅思真题8》Test 1 Passage 3
A pilot entering Class C airspace is flying over an average-sized city.
一名飞行员进入C级空域，在一座中等大小的城市上空飞行。
4．too, also, either, nor的用法：too（“也”）用于肯定句和疑问句的末尾，且用逗号隔开；also（“也”）用于肯定句句子谓语动词之前；either（“也”）用于否定句末尾，也用逗号隔开；nor（“也”）用于倒装句句首。
《剑桥雅思真题9》Test 3 Section 4
The quarry was an ugly blot on the landscape, and it wasn't productive any longer, either.
采石场在这片土地上是一个丑陋的污点，也不再有生产能力了。
《剑桥雅思真题8》Test A Section 2
Nor can you be paid in lieu of your holiday.
你也不能以不休假期而拿到薪水。
5．enough, too, so, very, quite, very much的用法：
enough（“足够，十分”）放在形容词或副词之后；too（“太”）, very（“非常”）, quite（“相当”）, so（“如此地”）等放在形容词或副词之前；very much（“非常”）放在动词之后。
《剑桥雅思真题6》Test 1 Passage 3
They just figured these people don't know very much so we won't ask them.
他们只是认为这些人不太了解，所以我们不会问他们。
《剑桥雅思真题8》Test 4 Section 3
It took long enough, though.
不过，这花了足够长的时间。
《剑桥雅思真题8》Test B Section 3
It is quite beneficial speaking another language in my job.
在我的工作中说另一种语言是很有益的。
6．sometimes, sometime, some times, some time的用法：sometimes（有时）用于一般现在时，sometime（在某一时候）, some times（数次）表示次数，some time（一些时间）表示一段时间。
《剑桥雅思真题10》Test 4 Passage 3
They sometimes play an important role in the forward march of evolution.
它们有时在进化的进程中发挥着重要作用。
《剑桥雅思真题11》Test 3 Passage 1
Sometime during the Han Dynasty（206 BC—220 AD）, silk was so prized that it was also used as a unit of currency.
在汉朝（公元前206年—公元220年）的某个时候，丝绸非常珍贵，它也被用作货币单位。
《剑桥雅思真题10》Test B Section 2
It takes some time to read just to everyday life!
要重新适应日常生活需要一些时间
7．how, what用于感叹句的用法：对句子中的形容词或副词感叹时用how，对人或事物（可能含有形容词作修饰语）进行感叹用what。
《剑桥雅思真题10》Test 1 Section 3
What a terrific idea.
多么好的创意！
8．already, yet的用法：在完成时中，already一般用于肯定句，yet一般用于否定句和疑问句。
《剑桥雅思真题8》Test 1 Passage 3
Some work has begun already.
一些工作已经开始。
《剑桥雅思真题8》Test 2 Passage 3
Smell is yet to be defined.
气味还没有定义。
9．hard与hardly的用法：hard作为副词意思是“努力地，猛烈地”, hardly是否定词，意思是“几乎不”，一般与情态动词can/could连用。
《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 1 Passage 3
Concentrating hard produces the best results.
集中精力会产生最好的结果。
《剑桥雅思真题8》Test 3 Passage 3
The average duration of human life has hardly changed in thousands of years.
几千年来，人类的平均寿命几乎没有变化。
10．由how构成的短语的意思：
《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 2 Section 2
How often do the Top Bus Company tours run?
顶级巴士公司的旅游多久一班？
《剑桥雅思真题8》Test 3 Section 1
How soon do you want to move in?
你想多快搬进来？
《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 4 Section 1
How long are you planning on staying with homestay?
你打算在寄宿家庭住多久？
《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 2 Passage 3
How much they could afford?
他们能负担多少？
11. no more, no longer, not...any more, no...any longer的用法：
《剑桥雅思真题9》Test 4 Passage 3
In zoos, animals are no longer kept in cages.
在动物园里，动物不再被关在笼子里。
《剑桥雅思真题4》Test 2 Section 1
He said he did not need it any more.
他说他不再需要它了。
《剑桥雅思真题1》Test 2 Section 4
No more chips at the uni canteen, we afraid!
我们担心食堂里没有薯片了！
《剑桥雅思真题9》Test 3 Section 4
It wasn't productive any longer, either.
它也不再有生产能力了。
12．被动语态中，方式副词一般放在be与谓语动词之间。
《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 2 Section 3
Christchurch is geographically well positioned.
基督城地理位置优越。
13. too…to…与so…that…结构。
too…to…（太……以致不……）是否定的结构，用于简单句；so…that…（如此……以致……）是肯定结构，用于复合句。其中副词too/so后面跟形容词或副词，to后面跟动词，that后面跟从句。
《剑桥雅思真题9》Test 3 Passage 2
It is still too early to predict the extent of the impact they may have.
现在预测他们的影响程度还为时过早。
《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 4 Passage 2
Overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area.
过度捕捞导致鲑鱼数量锐减，严重到1953年阿拉斯加被宣布为联邦灾区。
14．既是形容词也是副词的单词有：early, late, long, last, next, first, near, enough, much, all, hard, alone, fast, slow, high, low, straight等。
《剑桥雅思真题8》Test 4 Section 3
It took long enough, though.（副词）
不过，这花了足够长的时间。
《剑桥雅思真题7》Test A Section 2
Nobody ever has enough money.（形容词）
没有人有足够的钱。
15. farther与further的区别：表示地点、方向或距离时两个词同义，意思为“更远、较远”，但是further还表示“更多、进一步、额外”等意思，此时不能换为farther。
《剑桥雅思真题10》Test 3 Passage 3
Perhaps they were too thinly stretched to venture farther.
也许他们的战线拉得太紧，不敢再往前走了。
《剑桥雅思真题7》Test B Section 3
If they are ever found they could provide further valuable evidence of how the Iron Bridge was constructed.
如果能找到它们，就能进一步证明铁桥是如何建造的。
16. most, mostly的区别：most作为形容词和名词时意思是“大多数的，大部分的”，作为副词时意思为“最，十分，很”; mostly仅为副词，意思为“主要地，多半地，大部分地”。
《剑桥雅思真题11》Test 3 Passage 1
Goods were handled mostly by a series of middlemen.
货物主要由一系列中间商经手。
《剑桥雅思真题9》Test 1 Passage 3
There is evidence that all modern turtles are descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived before most of the dinosaurs.
有证据表明，所有现代海龟都是生活在大多数恐龙之前的陆地祖先的后裔。