雅思专属极简语法:跟着阅读学写作
上QQ阅读APP看书,第一时间看更新

动词的使用规则

一 动词的定义

动词是用来表示主语做什么(即行为动词),或表示主语是什么或怎么样(即状态动词)的词,例如:

The girl walks fast.(这个女孩走得快。)walks表示主语的行为。

She is a girl.(她是个女孩。)is与后面的表语a girl表示主语的状态。

二 动词的分类

动词可以按照含义及其在句中的作用分成四类,即行为动词(也称实义动词)、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。

1.行为动词。

行为动词(实义动词)是表示行为、动作或状态的词。词义完整,可以单独作谓语。

《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 1 Passage 1

They hunt at night.

他们晚上打猎。

《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 1 Passage 1

Bats have an engineering problem.

蝙蝠有一个工程问题。

2.连系动词。

连系动词是表示主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的词,它虽有词义,但不完整,所以不能单独作谓语,必须跟表语一起构成合成谓语。

连系动词可具体分为三类:

(1)表示“是”的be动词。这个词在不同的主语后面和不同的时态中有不同的形式,如is, am, are, was, were, have/has been等,要特别予以注意。

(2)表示“感觉”的词,如look, feel, smell, sound, taste等。

《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 4 Passage 1

Others feel there is more of a case for the theory.

另一些人则认为,这种理论更有道理。

《剑桥雅思真题3》Test 3 Section 4

It looks and tastes rather like rabbit.

它看起来和尝起来都很像兔子。

(3)表示“变”“变成”的意思的词,如become, get, grow, turn,都解释为“变”“变得”。

《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 2 Passage 3

Donkeys should become more affordable.

驴应该变得更便宜。

注意:有些动词既可以作为行为动词,又可以作为连系动词,如look, fell, smell, sound, taste, get, grow, turn等。

《剑桥雅思真题5》Test 1 Section 2

We are looking at beds for children and babies.

我们正在看儿童和婴儿的床位。(此为行为动词)

《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 3 Section 3

It looks a bit like a cigar.

它看起来有点像雪茄。(此为连系动词)

3.助动词。

这类词本身无词义,不能单独作谓语,只能与主要动词一起构成谓语,表示不同的时态、语态,表示句子的否定和疑问。

《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 2 Passage 1

But this does not totally explain the great resilience of Japanese pagodas.

但这并不能完全解释日本宝塔的韧性。

句中的does是助动词,既表示一般现在时,又与not一起构成否定形式。

《剑桥雅思真题8》Test 3 Passage 1

EPRI is looking at ways to protect the United States' power grid from lightning strikes.

EPRI正在寻找保护美国电网免受雷击的方法。

句中的is是助动词,和look的现在分词一起构成现在进行时。

《剑桥雅思真题8》Test 1 Section 3

Did you find it comprehensive enough?

你觉得它够全面吗?

句中的did是助动词,既表示一般过去时,又和动词find一起构成疑问。

4.情态动词。

这类词本身虽有意义,但不完整。它们表示说话人的能力、说话人的语气或情态,如“可能”“应当”“必须”等。这类动词有can, may, must, need, dare, could, might等。它们不能单独作谓语,必须与行为动词(原形)一起作谓语,表示完整的意思。

《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 3 Passage 1

Ants can build large cities more quickly than humans do.

蚂蚁能比人类更快地建造大城市。

《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 4 Passage 1

The experiments might even have practical uses nowadays.

现在这些实验甚至可能有实际用途。

《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 1 Passage 2

We must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources.

我们必须用更少的资源来满足需求。

三 及物动词与不及物动词

行为动词(即实义动词)按其是否需要宾语,可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。

1.及物动词。

动词后面必须跟宾语,意思才完整。

《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 1 Passage 2

Preventable water-related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 children every day.

据估计,与水有关的可预防疾病每天导致1万至2万名儿童死亡。

2.不及物动词。

动词后面不能跟宾语,意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词,构成短语动词,相当于一个及物动词。

《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 1 Passage 1

They hunt at night.

他们晚上打猎。

《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 1 Passage 2

In a few parts of the world, demand has actually fallen.

在世界上一些地区,需求实际上已经下降。

注意:许多动词可用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。

四 持续动词与瞬间动词

1.持续动词。

表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。常见的有study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean, sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, write, sit, stand, lie, keep等。

2.瞬间动词。

表示一个动作发生在一瞬间,非常短暂。常见的有begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等。

五 动词的被动语态

(一)概念

英语动词有两种语态,主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

(二)被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化

主要体现在be动词的变化上,其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。不同时态的被动语态,主要形式如下:

(1)一般现在时:am / is / are + done

《剑桥雅思真题4》Test 1 Passage 1

Rainforests are located near the Equator.

热带雨林位于赤道附近。

(2)一般过去时:was / were + done

《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 1 Passage 1

Before this was discovered, engineers had already built instruments to exploit the principle

在这一原理被发现之前,工程师们已经制造出了利用这一原理的仪器

《剑桥雅思真题11》Test 2 Passage 1

After the battle, attempts were made to recover the ship, but these failed.

战后,人们试图恢复这艘船,但均未成功。

(3)一般将来时:shall / will + be done

《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 3 Passage 3

However, this does not mean that in future they will be ignored.

然而,这并不意味着未来它们会被忽视。

(4)一般过去将来时:should / would + be done

《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 3 Passage 3

Compounds of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide should be particularly closely watched.

氮和二氧化硫的化合物应受到特别密切的注意。

(5)现在进行时:am / is / are + being + done

《剑桥雅思真题4》Test 1 Passage 1

The rainforests are being destroyed by the same things that are destroying the forests of Western Europe.热带雨林正在被同样的东西破坏,这些东西也正在破坏西欧的森林。

(6)过去进行时:was / were + being + done

《剑桥雅思真题8》Test B Section 2

When he was being interviewed for his current job, he mentioned he had been involved in many successful turnarounds.

在面试他目前的工作时,他提到他经历过许多成功的转折。

(7)现在完成时:have / has + been + done

《剑桥雅思真题8》Test A Section 2

The majority of these workers have been entitled to paid holidays.

这些工人中的大多数人享有带薪假期。

(8)过去完成时:had + been + done

《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 1 Passage 1

After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of time before weapons designers adapted it for the detection of submarines.

在这种技术被发明之后,武器设计者将其应用于潜艇探测只是时间问题。

(9)将来完成时:shall / will + have been + done

《剑桥雅思真题2》Test 1 Passage 1

In all, 350m cubic metres of material will have been moved.

总共将有3.5亿立方米的材料被转移。

(10)过去将来完成时:should / would + have been + done

《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 3 Passage 2

As would have been predicted by Robert Williams's work, all three groups appear to be descended from the same ancestral (Paleo-Indian) population.

正如罗伯特·威廉姆斯的研究所预测的那样,这三个族群似乎都来自同一祖先(古印第安人)。

注意:被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。

(三)下列情况主动句不能改为被动句。

1.感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义,如:feel, look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。

《剑桥雅思真题3》Test 3 Section 4

It looks and tastes rather like rabbit.

它看起来和尝起来都很像兔子。

《剑桥雅思真题6》Test 3 Passage 2

Some employees can feel manipulated when asked to participate in goal-setting.

当被要求参与设定目标时,一些员工会觉得被操纵了。

2.谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack等。

《剑桥雅思真题10》Test 2 Passage 2

The very gifted child benefits from appropriate support from close relatives.

非常有天赋的孩子得益于近亲的适当支持。

3.一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态,如:take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。

《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 3 Passage 2

When did this event, or events, take place?

这个事件是什么时候发生的?

《剑桥雅思真题7》Test 3 Passage 2

All Native American languages belong to a single “Amerind” family.

所有的美洲土著语言都属于一个单一的美洲语系。

4.不及物动词没有被动语态,如:rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。

《剑桥雅思真题8》Test 2 Passage 1

Furthermore, once they succeeded in making marketable flat glass...

此外,一旦他们成功地制造出可销售的平板玻璃……

《剑桥雅思真题8》Test 3 Section 4

It's a less glamorous activity than pure innovation, but it actually happens more often.

这是一项没有纯创新那么吸引人的活动,但实际上它更经常发生。

《剑桥雅思真题7》Test B Section 3

Now only one mystery remains in the Iron Bridge story.

现在铁桥的故事只剩下一个谜了。

(四)在英语中有一类句子不出现主语,一般可用被动结构来表示,例如:

据说…… It is said that …

据报导…… It is reported that …

据推测…… It is supposed that …

希望…… It is hoped that …

众所周知…… It is well known that …

普遍认为…… It is generally considered that …

有人建议…… It is suggested that …

《剑桥雅思真题9》Test B Section 2

It is suggested that you provide this information early and do not wait until the time you actually meet with the employer.

建议你尽早提供这些信息,不要等到你真正与雇主见面的时候。