第10章　两次世界大战中的英国

10.1　复习笔记

I. Crisis Before the First World War

II. Britain in the First World War

III. Aftermath of the War

IV. Depression and Appeasement

V. Britain in the Second World

I. Crisis Before the First World War (一战前的危机)

1. The Liberals were returned to power in December 1905.

2. The English working-class movement reached new heights with a wave of strikes between 1911 and 1914.

3. The old capitalist countries, such as Britain, France, Spain and Portugal, gradually lagged behind.

4. The First World War was an imperialist war.

1. 1905年11月，工党重新掌权。

2. 1911—1914年，英国的工人运动达到了新的高潮。

3. 老牌资本主义国家英国，法国，西班牙和葡萄牙逐渐落后。

4. 第一次世界大战是帝国主义的战争。

II. Britain in the First World War (一战时的英国)

1. England participated in the First World War with national efforts. Millions of soldiers were dead and English people suffered a lot. Although England won the war, the powerful empire was gone.

2. The Germans signed an armistice, which came into force on November 11, 1918.

1. 英国倾其国力参加一战，士兵伤亡渗重，人民倍受苦难。英国虽赢得了胜利，昔日帝国的强大一去不复返了。

2. 1918年11月，德国签署了停战协议。

III. Aftermath of the War (战后)

1. In January 1919 the Paris Peace Conference met with representatives from thirty-two nations.

2. The British government organized “the campaign of fourteen states” against the new Socialist State in 1919—1920.

3. The October Revolution led to national liberation movements in British colonies.

1. 1919年1月，巴黎和会召开，32个国家代表参加。

2. 英国政府支持“十四点原则”，反对1919—1920年的苏维埃政府。

3. 十月革命导致英国殖民地的民族解放运动。

IV. Depression and Appeasement (经济衰退和缓战期)

1. In the economy, Britain lagged behind the rest of the industrial world.

2. Baldwin’s ministry first attempted to define the relations between Britain and her dominions.

3. In 1928, the vote was given to women as well as men at the age of 21; By 1929 the time had come for a general election.

4. The British government accepted German occupation of the Rhineland in March 1936.

5. Britain sponsored the policy of “non-intervention” towards the Civil War of Spain.

6. On September 1939, Germany invaded Poland and rejected Britain’s demand that she should withdraw. On September 3, Chamberlain broadcast to the nation that Britain was at war.

1. 经济上，英国落后于其他工业大国。

2. 鲍尔温政府第一次定义英国和她的殖民地之间的关系。

3. 1928年，21岁的男性和女性都获得了选举权。1929年，通过普选。

4. 1936年3月，德国侵占了莱茵兰，英国政府表示接受。

5. 对于西班牙内战，英国采取“不干涉政策”。

6. 1939年9月，德国侵占了波兰，拒绝了英国要求其撤回的要求。9月3号，张伯伦宣布英国卷入二战。

V. Britain in the Second World (二战中的英国)

1. When the Germans invaded Belgium and Holland, England suffered Battle of Dunkirk.

2. In 1941, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour brought the United States into the war. A Grand Alliance was formed.

3. In 1943, at Teheran, Churchill and Roosevelt met Stalin demanded a second front in western Europe and the Grand Alliance was consolidated.

4. On May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered unconditionally. In August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered unconditionally. World War II was over.

5. Great Britain had triumphed over all her enemies. But economic losses were great and one quarter of its national wealth was lost.

1. 当德国侵占比利时和荷兰的时候，英国遭受了敦克维克大撤退。

2. 1941年，日本偷袭了珍珠港，美国卷入二战。反法西斯同盟形成。

3. 1943年，丘吉尔，罗斯福和斯大林在德黑兰会晤，开辟欧洲第二战场，反法西斯同盟得以巩固。

4. 1945年5月7日，德国宣布无条件投降。1945年8月15日，日本宣布无条件偷、投降。第二次世界大战结束。

5. 英国战胜了敌人，但是经济损失惨重，四分之一的国家财富丧失。

10.2　课后习题详解

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:

1. What was the background before the First World War?

Key: In Britain the Edwardian Age began and the Liberals were in power in 1905. The election was fought on the issues of free trade, temperance reform and education. The English working class movement reached new heights with a wave of strikes between 1911 and 1914. The suffragettes fought for women’s rights. The Irish question created the greatest difficulties and Ireland was on the brink of Civil War. The capitalist world began to enter the new age of imperialism. The rivalry among the old and young capitalist powers became acute. The two blocks of capitalist states formed.

2. How did Britain take part in the First World War?

Key: After the Germans invaded Belgium in August 4, 1914, thereby violating neutrality that Britain was committed by treaty to support, Britain took part in the war.

3. What was the aftermath of the First World War for Britain?

Key: Britain seemed to have won the victory, but the price was high: more than a million dead, a gigantic war debt, and loss of many foreign markets forever. After the World War I, Britain attended the Paris Peace Conference and got some colonies from Turkey and Germany. The British government organized “the campaign of fourteen states” against the new Socialist State.

4. What role did Winston Churchill play in the Second World War?

Key: He played an important role in the Second World War. In the crisis of the Second World War, Winston Churchill took over as Prime Minster in 1940. Winston Churchill also led the country during the “miracle of Dunkirk” at the end of May in 1940. That was 3:38000 Allied troops’ evacuation to Britain from Dunkirk. He and Roosevelt, Stalin decided to open the second battlefield in Europe at the Teheran Conference. He proposed to continue to fight against Japan until the end of the war. Although Britain’s island status protected it from invasion, the civilians were involved in the war in a way that had never happened before. German bombing raids destroyed many cities, including London. However, Churchill and his people never gave up, and he received massive popular support as a war leader and led his country to final victory in 1945.

Exercise 2. Explain the following terms:

1. splendid isolation

Key: the foreign policy carried by Britain from 1863 to the end of the century, through which Britain got less involvement in European affairs.

2. the Treaty of Versailles

Key: The treaty was signed at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. According to the treaty, Britain took Palestine and Mesopotamia from Turkey and seized a large number of German colonies in Africa and in the Pacific Ocean.

3. the Statute of Westminster

Key: It was passed in 1931 and it gave legislative recognition to the relation between the British Empire and her dominions. It made the dominions become independent states in all but name.

4. the Battle of London

Key: It occurred on the first days of World War Ⅱ. There was a series of air raid on London. Two days before, the evacuation from danger zones began. Outdoor household steel shelters were constructing to protect people against air attack.