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``The Emperor, contrary to the accepted opinion, was so far from absolute, and so easy with his Council of State, that he often resumed a discussion, or even annulled a decision, because one of the members of the Council had since, in private, given him fresh reasons, or had urged that the Emperor's personal opinion had influenced the majority.''

The new master had great confidence in this Council, as it was composed more particularly of eminent jurists, each of whom dealt with his own speciality.He was too good a psychologist not to entertain the greatest suspicion of large and incompetent assemblies of popular origin, whose disastrous results had been obvious to him during the whole of the Revolution.

Wishing to govern for the people, but never with its assistance, Bonaparte accorded it no part in the government, reserving to it only the right of voting, once for all, for or against the adoption of the new Constitution.He only in rare instances had recourse to universal suffrage.The members of the Legislative Corps recruited themselves, and were not elected by the people.

In creating a Constitution intended solely to fortify his own power, the First Consul had no illusion that it would serve to restore the country.Consequently, while he was drafting it he also undertook the enormous task of the administrative, judicial, and financial reorganisation of France.The various powers were centralised in Paris.Each department was directed by a prefect, assisted by a consul-general; the arrondissement by a sub-prefect, assisted by a council; the commune by a mayor, assisted by a municipal council.All were appointed by the ministers, and not by election, as under the Republic.

This system, which created the omnipotent State and a powerful centralisation, was retained by all subsequent Governments and is preserved to-day.Centralisation being, in spite of its drawbacks, the only means of avoiding local tyrannies in a country profoundly divided within itself, has always been maintained.

This organisation, based on a profound knowledge of the soul of the French people, immediately restored that tranquillity and order which had for so long been unknown.

To complete the mental pacification of the country, the political exiles were recalled and the churches restored to the faithful.

Continuing to rebuild the social edifice, Bonaparte busied himself also with the drafting of a code, the greater part of which consisted of customs borrowed from the ancien regime.

It was, as has been said, a sort of transition or compromise between the old law and the new.

Considering the enormous task accomplished by the First Consul in so short a time, we realise that he had need, before all, of a Constitution according him absolute power.If all the measures by which he restored France had been submitted to assemblies of attorneys, he could never have extricated the country from the disorder into which it had fallen.

The Constitution of the year VIII.obviously transformed the Republic into a monarchy at least as absolute as the ``Divine right'' monarchy of Louis XIV.Being the only Constitution adapted to the needs of the moment, it represented a psychological necessity.

3.Psychological Elements which determined the Success of the Work of the Consulate.

All the external forces which act upon men--economic, historical, geographical, &c.--may be finally translated into psychological forces.These psychological forces a ruler must understand in order to govern.The Revolutionary Assemblies were completely ignorant of them; Bonaparte knew how to employ them.

The various Assemblies, the Convention notably, were composed of conflicting parties.Napoleon understood that to dominate them he must not belong to any one of these parties.Very well aware that the value of a country is disseminated among the superior intelligences of the various parties, he tried to utilise them all.His agents of government--ministers, priests, magistrates, &c.--were taken indifferently from among the Liberals, Royalists, Jacobites, &c., having regard only to their capacities.

While accepting the assistance of men of the ancien regime, Bonaparte took care to make it understood that he intended to maintain the fundamental principles of the Revolution.

Nevertheless many Royalists rallied round the new Government.